Dementia: Forgotten Memories Essay -- Dementia Condition and Symptoms

While the average life expectancy of the creations population has increased, the number of detected dementia cases has commensurately risen to dumbfounding levels. Along with improved discovery of this disorder, new acts and treatments have been found, from which many advanced(a) techniques have been developed towards the prevention of future incidences and reduction of the effects of this configuration however, the quest for these solutions have raised more questions than it has answered. Why do few develop this disorder, while others do not? Can early sleuthing be achieved to reverse the processes or limit its effects? Further specifics on these topics have been categorized into three main sections, which include1. derangement see and Symptoms2.Causes of this Disorder3.Treatments and CuresDementia Condition and SymptomsDementia is the progressive deterioration in cognitive function - the ability to process estimate (Nordqvist, 2009, para. 1) and can be separated into two main categories cortical and subcortical, physically speaking for example, Alzheimers disease is a type of cordical dimentia, while Parkinsons disease is categorise as subcortical in nature. Many of the people suffering from these afflictions, which ar usually middle-aged and older, appear to lose the ability to recall finical events, time of day, or in more advanced stages, the identity of their friends and family. former(a) symptoms of this condition have been reported as difficulty with speech, depression, balance issues and ecumenic disorientation.Causes of this DisorderAlthough Alzheimers disease appears to be the most common cause of dementia, more than 50 conditions are associated with dementia, including degenerative ... ...g conditions that mimic the outward signatures of dementia, which were thought to be reserved for Alzheimers disease, or other mind fastener conditioned patients. It has been shown that depression, while treatable and not directly related to dementia, can demo the very same signs and should be carefully examined and studied before go to judgement. ReferencesMichaels, A. (2007, April 22). Drug Treatment for Dementia Sufferers. Article Directory. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from Articlesbase database.Nordqvist, C. (2009, March 19). What is Dementia? What Causes Dementia? Symptoms of Dementia. Medical News Today. Retrieved June 16, 2010, from http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142214.phpSwirzewski, S. (2000, Jan 02). Dementia Causes. Neurology Channel. Retrieved June 17, 2010, from http//www.neurologychannel.com/dementia/causes.shtml

Influenza in New York City :: Journalism Media Studies Influenza Health Essays

Influenza in spick-and-span York CityNEW YORK--The Influenza epidemic arrived in the urban center last month, and it has remained a constant presence since then. The epidemic, which is now present in most major cities in America, lingers in and around the city, affecting everyone. Dr. Copeland, health Commissioner Royal, has declared influenza to be a reportable disease. Influenza presents itself in a manner not unlike a cold smooth nose, chills, fever, coughing, sneezing. Influenza is a stronger version of the cold, as it can lead to extremum pain and congestion, and, as we have seen, it can often result in death. Because influenza is so much like the cold, doctors urge all pertly Yorkers to suspect and prepare for influenza first when these symptoms arise. For their part, city officials have proscribe sneezing, coughing, and spitting in public. Doctors say the disease is sprinkle through expelled mucus and saliva. It is expected that the new municipal codes will hel p to slow the spread of the disease. While the precautions strike many as odd and unnecessary, doctors insist that cosmos more careful about our fluids will end the epidemic in the city sooner rather than later. Transgressors, along with receiving the disdain of the public, will be fined arrested and fined. Doctors and City officials alike insist that everyone cooperate to determine this disease. City-dwellers will also notice new opening and closing times for bars, restaurants, shops, theaters, businesses, and factories. The Board of health has begun to regulate hours in order to reduce crowds. Doctors say that smaller crowds of mint reduce the chance of the disease being spread. New Yorkers wont be stuck in large crowds of people which may or may not contain stray people. A few Board of Health officials anonymously and facetiously point out that for the first time in modern ages, New Yorkers will enjoy serenity and space when they go into the city. Even when tramp people are out and about, smaller crowds will reduce the soma of people exposed to the germs. New York remains a large, crowded city even with the restrictions, but Board of Health officials assert that even a small reduction in the number of people will append to the fight against influenza. City officials are also monitoring travelers, keeping the sick off of trains, buses, and subways.

A Second Adolescence

He is healthy, has no known diseases or a family history that would suggest him particularly pr unmatchcap adapted to illness. He awakening into a breeding and body he no longitudinal recognizes. He has physic everyy let him egotism deteriorate In a dark cubicle show no Importance to his physical self (Lachrymal, 2004). Concern for mavens physicality Is all-important(a) in accepting the changes of middle age and universe comfort equal in ones own body (Sharon, 1998). He begins to recognize his own body s importance because off crush he develops on his daughters fri contain.Starting to work show up and place Importance on how he looks Is symbolic of his acceptance of his unexampled body (Ben-Earl, Leave, &038 Shave, 2008). His office job has made him virtuallywhat sedimentary nonetheless it progresss to have little effect on his physical tumescebeing unpack in athletic footing he begins to citation. His body and physical reckon becomes important to him. He wants to a spect at attractive and begins working come to the fore vigorously. He once again sees himself as a familiar being and wants to feel good ab come come in of the closet himself physically. Ben-Earl, Leave, &038 Shave, 2008) Changes at his Job manage as a catalyst for Lester to begin a transformation in his deportment in order to unify his self image with the actuality of his eachday Life(Lachrymal, 2004). Family dynamics Lusters family relationship with his married woman Is In shambles. They no longer support each other or have a intimate relationship. His relationship with his daughter is almost non compriseent and it is unclear if there is any extended family. No closing curtain familiar relationships exist in Lester life. It Is clear though that there was a condemnation that he and his married woman and daughter were happy.He often reminisces of a clock time when he had less to no responsibility and his whole life before of him. He feels stifled by his family and his Job and has no outlet to predict this problem. Throughout the period of observation Lester makes a complete circle to self acceptance. He considers some drastic tepees only if they argon In the end successful. He develops a cozy obsession with his daughters friend which functions to snap him out of his state of complacency and begin to mix things up in every argona of his life.He effectively begins to identify himself as an jejune would testing boundaries and forming a new voicelity(anger, 2004). Caroline Is the dominant section of the family. She Is louder and more(prenominal) demanding than her child or partner. Image Is everything to her. 1 OF 7 important to her than her actual ability to successfully fill these places(Barnett, 2004). Her whole persona is a set of illusions that are non found on reality. She is frameworkistic and lives in a world of one- half truths and delusion. As a contract her actions are hollow and self serving.They are for show as opposed to b eing truly supportive or helpful. She is overcritical, berating Jane on her demeanor repeatedly. Adolescence is a time which is difficult for two the child and the parent(Anger, 2004). On the one hand a parent must be supportive an seen as in a blot of effectiveness while nonoperational giving their child room and space to turn and grow into the adult they are fireing too. Respecting an adolescents budding maturity while arm an adult relationship with them is extremely hard on a parent, who still sees their child as being a child.It does non count to stool to be friends with the adolescent, and being cool When what they want is a level of actual respect and consideration, which is the case between Jane and Caroline. It is so important for Caroline to egress to be listening to and under stand her daughter that she loses sight of the person Jane is. As a begetter he is un adapted to connect with his daughter. Lester begins to try to shed to her yet at this point she is uninterested in meeting him half counselling and its unclear she ever will. The obvious attraction he has to Angela alienates Jane and separates them unrestrainedly further.Father and daughter could potentially be allies against Carolynn s conformist nature, but Lusters adolescent fantasy puts them permanently at odds. By paying more attention to the object of his desire, Angela, he proves to Jane that her feelings are of no consequence to him. He genuinely attends to want a more honest relationship with Jane, but fails to see the connection between his feelings for Angela and his parental role. Lester is able to play a parental role for Angela that he natesnot for his own daughter. He manages to e satisfying and accessible. As a wife Caroline is the first to step out on their relationship and partnership.In order to feel like a char and sexually attractive she begins a sexual relationship with an icon of her chosen profession(Barnett, 2004). She is able to validate her decis ions through this sexual relationship. His feeld success emboldens her in her primary relationship(Ben-Air, Leave, &038 Shave, 2008). Psychological Influences Lester becomes aware all off sudden that he is unhappy with his life. He makes a conscious decision to change his purlieu and instead of losing his Job which as the probable outcome of restructuring at the office, he collects a stand and refuses to be overlooked.Revealing an abuse of power he is able to manipulate his bosses to give him a years salary with benefits. This freedom allows him to begin a path to self discovery that codifies his self image with how he is perceived by the world. Over the course of the few months we have access to Lester he goes through distinctive stages of development akin to that of an adolescent. Risky serves as an fastening relationship for Lester. He is able to form a close unspoilt holdfast to Risky and egging to stretch the boundaries of his previously rigid amaze in family as well a s community(Sable, 2008).This is in line with the convoy speculation (Antibiotic, Kamala, &038 Dashiki, 2004) which stipulates that addendum relationships change and continue to form over time. Risky serves to both father and daughter as a stable reliable relationship that the can count on(Sable, 2008). This allows Jane to express openly comfortable and confident with her ever-changing body. It allows Lester to once again believe in himself as having worth and no longer defining himself solely as a husband and father. He begins to explore what he really wants and what he needs to do to pop there. He steadytually begins to start doing for himself.Although in the most classic terms possible he is living out a midlife crisis, it appears that for him this is a put to work of maturation and acceptance he previously did not have a get hold to experience(Lachrymal, 2004). He is mirroring the psychological experience his daughter should be loss through(Morris, Silk, Steinberg, &038 al. , 2007). He buys the car he wants, starts working out, starts smoking pot and standing up to his wife. Lester brazenly demands respect and independence both in his family and Job. He exclaims that things are changing and no longer allows his wife to bully him or talk over him.He makes a loud and overt demand for respect. He wants the identical amount of freedom as his wife and daughter and symbolically breaks the bonds of restraint by disrupting dinner, breaking a plate against the wall and demanding a change of music, atmosphere and pecking order. It is the first clear step towards Lester being able to redefine himself both internally and externally(Lachrymal, 2004). Theoretical perspectives The majority of middle patriarchal lot report having more satisfaction and less anxiety orgy their abilities and describe a sense of perfecting skills(Lachrymal, 2004).Stereotypically the midlife crisis hits a huge percentage of people yet only a small percentage actually seem to. It is a period in which people have a chance to review their decisions and life choices, and come to terms with what they have achieved or not achieved. They may be merely where they want to be or some may have to adjust their self image to incorporate the way their life actually looks potentially leading to crisis. This is the case of Lester Barman. He describes light up from a 20 year mom and finally bonny aware of, and wanting to participate in his surroundings.Lusters internal world is exquisite much dead before meeting him. He describes an awakening one day with the feeling that his life is n. Tot his and he no longer recognizes the different systems he is involved in. Using his work difficulties as a catalyst, he becomes able to change his entire life into something he can accept(Antibiotic, Kamala, &038 Dashiki, 2004). Lester seems to have not formed a functional attachment expressive style with anyone in his life until he wakes up (film) after feeling like he had been in a coma for 20 years. He starts to develop an attachment relationship with Risky in a sense.He eventually becomes comfortable with what he feels is his true self, and secure with Risky. Psychological Progress Insinuators and Bowls idea that attachment forms and changes over the life span supports the idea that Lester gains a sense of security measures through his relationship with Risky(Antibiotic, Kamala, &038 Dashiki, 2004). Ricks attachment to his father is nonexistent. He feels protective of his mother but uncomplete of his parents has provided safety or comfort for him in moments of distress, one of the most salient bobs of a caregiver(Sable, 2008).He instead has to take on the role of care-giver and protect and defend his mother who is otherwise helpless and unaccompanied. Risky easily slips into a similar role with Lester, being the familiar role he is used to. Lester gains wisdom and self awareness by mirroring an adolescent sexual attraction. He exploration and discovery an adolescent typically engages in (Arent, 2000). kinda of his parents Lester rebels and redefines himself within in the family structure he has created as an adult. He pushes emotional limits and attempts to make connections in ewe and more passionate ways.Coming full circle Lester finally is able to accept the man he is and the life he lives. He goes through a developing process a kin to that an adolescent would when creating an adult identity. Lester tests his new self out in all of the major areas of personality and finds himself in a body he accepts with a persona he is comfortable with(Anger, 2004). Lusters restraint in not having a sexual relationship with Angela demonstrates a level of maturity he did not previously possess indicating successful personality growth towards adulthood.When Lester anally sees Angela as the child she is and is able to comfort her expressing fatherly instinct his competence as a father is proven to him. He is able to reassure her without being p atronizing and respecting her growing maturity, an important role parents play for adolescent children(Anger, 2004). In a sense Lester uses Angela as a proxy for his daughter as soon as he identifies her as something more than a sexual object. The fact that Lester recognizes the purpose to which a sexual relationship with one of Canes friends would be inappropriate, the love he has for his daughter and ole as a father is reestablished.Lester gains solace by looking at a picture of the glory days of his family where they are all smiles. His ability to renew his life and find beauty in the ups, downs and ostensibly mundane moments is testament to his development as a mature, well adjusted adult(Lachrymal, 2004). SOCIAL FACTORS Gender Roles / Gender Conformity Lester and Carolinas marriage does not delineate strict gender roles in the classic sense of man as bread winner woman as home maker (Lore, 1994). Carolyn views herself as the bread winner of the family. She has proclaimed he rself the captain of her emails social standing.She believes that ones social position can be directly related to economic gains. For her, money and material gains are the most important marker of ones overall success socially. make money is the most important thing for her. It is unclear how much money she actually contributes to the family, but sole bread winner is a role she takes on readily if loudly (Mikhail, 2004). It is a typically make role, yet she someways thinks that by both worrying about economic status and appearance she deserves more credit and admiration (Barnett, 2004). She is the first o fully bring down her matrimonial relationship.Her sense of entitlement increases as their relationship moves forward. masculinity and Homophobia Considering masculinity to be socially constructed provides men with agency in forming the prevalent view of masculinity. Masculinity being malleable allows us to step back and identify exactly what we require of men to be manly in our society (Kismet, 2004). The pressure is insuperable for some people. Risky dad is unable to accept himself for who he is and his internalized homophobia is so devastating that he feels he is forced to act to defend his manhood.Lusters innocent acceptance of the realities of his life in the end is what ends his life. Not accepting general cultures definition of masculinity and the freedom that allows is Lester is terrifying to a man who has based his life around not admitting or accepting the truth of his situation. array Perspectives on Homosexuality gayity. Dont ask dont tell ( soda) being the official position thought of by some as a progressive constitution for the armed services was not repealed until 2011(Bird,2014).Showing how ingrained homophobia is in a military psyche. The block difference teen other nations policy on civil equality, even in the military is astounding. Take for example the join Kingdom and Australias answer to transgender soldiers serving verses th e United States. Julia Bards 2014 New York Times article The Courage of Transgender Soldiers elucidates unspoiled how polarize these nations policies actually are (Bird, 2014). Department of Defense regulations dont allow transgender individuals to serve in the U.S. Military, based upon health check standards for military servicing. (Bird, 2014) The official position of the United States military is hat being transgender is a mental disorder as defined by the ADSM Ill of 1980(American Psychiatric Association, 1980), instead of adopting the current medical standard for considering gender nonconformity (gender dysphasia) not as a psychological disorder in and of itself (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Solidarity and respect are shown to transgender members of the military in both the U.K and Australia while the United States military continues to use an antiquated possibility of gender, allowing official intolerance (Kernighan, 2012). Homophobia in the Military In 1999 DA DA was the official Clinton era policy adopted by the United States in 1993 (Burlier, 2010) to address civil equality in the military. Homosexuality remained a disagreeable offence when openly expressed changing very little for LIGHT military personnel. Same-sex taste after DADA was enacted was still a disagreeable offence.The law did not prevent service members from being asked about their sexuality rather it removed(p) questions sexual orientation from recruitment questionnaires. Military members and prospective recruits were not allowed to hold forth their same-sex orientation risking discharge or denial of entry if they did Burlier, 2010). The argument for not allowing homosexual service members to disclose was the concept that an open statement by a service member that he or she is a homosexual will create a rebuttal presumption that he or she intends to engage in prohibited conduct, (Burlier, 2010 p. ). Regulations are not put on heterosexual service members discussing thei r personal exploits, fantasies or desires. Several sexual practices are considered prohibited both under military code and civil courts, yet the speculation is not made that these acts have or ever will take place. DADA did very little for improving the actual situation and casual lives of LIGHT service members. The actual number of discharges due t same sex relationships was not significantly different before and during DADA policy years (Burlier, 2010).Rampant homophobia was a social requirement isolating and associating closeted LIGHT service members (Kier, 1998). The fear at being discovered was a daily reality. Anyone could tern a soldier in for same sex activity, actions as innocuous as holding hand. This leaves individuals suspected of homosexual conduct (Burbler &038 1995) alienable physical and verbal attacks as well as official action being taken. Hetero- normative principles were the sole cultural atmosphere. Colonel Frank Fits served in the military even before DADA was the official policy.The much more restrictive, abrasively homophobic policy adopted during the time of his service shaped his attitude was a requirement of service. Any closeted member of the military would have to internalize feelings of self hatred due to the ageless anti gay rhetoric. Internalized homophobia and it Repercussions Frank Fits identifies himself purely based on his military experience. He has no identity other than colonel. He does not take on or identify with the role of husband or father. He coldly treats his family as cadets below his rank.His own sun refers to him as Colonel or Sir as one would a superior officer. The fact that Frank Fits cannot be anyone but the coroner he once was makes it impossible for him to explore, let alone accept feeling and attitudes that the military looked down on. Introspection does not exist for him. Orders, fear and denial run this mans life. His sexual curiosity and feeling of thirst towards men are so unacceptable to Frank tha t he builds is life around his explicit homophobia. poise. Frank Fits residual self hatred, fear and assault pushed him to most the extremes of discrimination and racist principles.His internalized homophobia shaped his relationship with those closest to him, his wife and son who he alienates (Frost, Meyer, 2009). Hiding this part of his internal self in the end defines his entire life. Offensively attacking any chance he got to not have his internal self exposed to the public or himself. Lashing out offensively is a defense strategy so that he will never be exposed to others or himself. The torment and embarrassment Cool. Fits experiences by being what he thought to be jilted by Lester provoked emotions so strong that he had to kill Lester to be able to live with himself.Lusters comfort and ease while discussing his own marital relationship mixed with misunderstanding previous events convinces Cool. Fits that Lester is a closeted homosexual. The fact that Lester is neither actu ally gay, nor homophobic shattered Cool. Fits world. The Cool had to play the role of the butch heterosexual for so long made that he became overly Jealous, arbitrary and abusive to his wife. Being less aggressive would have made him appear weak in his military unconsciousness. This fact made it inconceivable that Lester could be unapologetic, calm and without anger or Jealousy at the fact that his wife was with another man.A freedom Frank Fits could never allow himself. He ends Lusters life right at the moment that Lester is able to achieve something that the Cool. Cannot, self acceptance. finding Lusters acceptance and renewed love of life ends up being what kills him. Lester is able to accept in other people facts that they cannot accept about themselves. Cool Frank Fits does not possess the skills to regulate his emotions or cope internally hen faced with a threatening situation, choosing instead to lash out in violent anger (Morris, Silk, Steinberg, &038 al. , 2007).For Fran k Lester becomes the embodiment of all the sexual feelings he cannot except within himself. Killing Lester is a desperate attempt to kill the feelings Frank most fears. Lester reaffirms his identity as a well adjusted adult when rejecting his foolish adolescent urges. He accepts what he has carry through and is at peace with who he is, uniting the image he has of himself with the actuality of his life. typically this type of review is done later in life(Lachrymal, 2004). Lester is afforded the luxury of being at peace before he dies even though it is sudden.

A word on racism

Past week was United Nations day. The point of this pass is to celebrate our heritage, to bring conformity, to create unity among a species which finds the very opinion difficult. It is a holiday meant to put aside differences and to reach out to those following to you. To take their dies and with them lead forward into a place where those among us can be treated as equals.That was the reason for the transcends. There were so many hands each a unalike annotateing, pasted solely over the walls, the table, the pillar holding up the ceiling in the slender lounge area. Each one bore a name. As I walked past, on my way to a class to which I was desperately late, I passed a table. At that table sat five or so students, each with a hand, each writing their name as tumefy as their race upon it.Come, take form a hand the girl at the table cheerily ordered me as she passed me a limp composition board cutout of an appendage. I shook my head.No thanks.At that I got an odd look. It wa s as if she were wondering, why wouldnt someone want to make one of these? She was puzzled, barely persistent. She shoved the hand toward me again and I bristled. Not the best move, but involuntary.I utter I dont want to make one. I turned my shoulder. I attempt my best to convey with my body language, my eyes, my tone of voice, that I would not be swayed. She frowned. Scowled almost.You must be some kind of racist. Whatever.Give me that. I grabbed at the cardboard cutout almost fiercely. I sat at the table, pulled an assortment of markers toward me, and began writing. To nether region with being late to class. I didnt care anymore.It took me but seconds to finish the hand and to give it back to the girl. She frowned at me once again.This isnt what youre supposedI ready a right to have it up there just want everyone else.She shrugged. It seemed she sensed she had lost the argument. She took the hand and stapled it to a sheet of blue report hanging on the wall. I found then, a nd only then, that I was stimulate by the whole principle.How is it, as a society, that the things that are supposed to make us the same turn out to make us different? It was that factor alone that disgusted me. Those hands were meant to bring us together, but sooner they merely contracted on our differences. Black. White. Hispanic. We are not color blind. We have an innate ability to separate. To label as good or bad the color of ones skin. On a holiday meant to represent unity, we were instead separating ourselves.That was the reason I made my hand different. The reason I disregard the boundaries and instead labeled the hand with something that the girl considered to be racist. The reason I chose to be equal. After all, how are we to be equal if we only focus on the things that make us unequal? It should not be the color of ones skin but the quality of that person that makes each unique.That hand give tongue to only one thing.

Brave New World: Death Is a Repudiation or a Validation

Let Down Your Noose Paige Fairbairn 10/20/12 Mr. Pierce per. 2 The ultimate escape is death. The driving pull in that pushes a man to slide his neck done a noose, foreshorten the hole, and take the final leap of faith- yet to result in constant stillness. The leap of faith joke the Savage in like mannerk was a symbolismic renunciation of the realness States motto, corporation, identity, constancy because e rattling aspect of washstand was a contradiction in terms to the motto, thus weakening the strength of the motto, essenti altogethery reducing the meaning to pound.In Aldous Huxleys novel Brave New reality deception had no biotic residential district to take to him, no true identity to boost his broken morale, and his turned on(p) instability shackled him to conscience, and roped him into death. Glorified civilization appe ared to thaumaturgy as a morsel of knowledge the opportunity of a lifetime. lavatorys uncontainable excitement procured the words of Miranda , from Shakespeares forgather The Temptest to pour out of his naive mouth, O wonder How some(prenominal) worshipful creatures are there here How beauteous mankind is O endure new world. That has such people in it At this point, Huxely is paralleling John to Miranda, Bernard to Prospero, and Lenina resembles Ferdinand. John is intrigued as well as excited for civilization, as Lenina (just as Ferdinand was to Miranda) served as temptation to part take in this foreign, yet enchanting land, and and Bernard (just as Prospero admonished Miranda) knew of the cruelties and horrors of civilization and wished that John would understand that this world isnt so unafraid(p) or honorable at all. John, like a child, joins Bernard into a community where John is a specimen to be observed and provide many laughs.John, like a fresh water fish tossed into the sea, eventually dies, non just bodilyly, but sensationally due to his incompatibility with the community. Not lonesome(prenominal) was h e a reject in the pueblo of Malpais, but he as well as was a spectacle in civilization, and was unaccepted due to his distinct personality and physical differences. The world state destroyed John due to its conditioned insensitivity. Amongst the community posing as an exploitative force toward John, his identity was stampeded and broken, even in his own solitude. Not only did Malpais reject him for his mother, Linda, but he looked too different to be accepted.Even then, he struggled with himself and his solitude which led to his discovery of, eon and Death and God (136 Huxely). Even with this discovery, he still searched for himself, hoping to acquire a true identity in civilization. Any and all thoughts of an identity were strong to bits, as John was simply a spectacle, just as his start was. Lindas death was a wake-up call to John he didnt belong because no one could comprehend his emotion. Like a fish out of water, Lindas signifier induced coma was abruptly interrupted by th e coming of her death.She gasped for air, and flopped and flailed in distress her death is symbolic for the role she played in society. She was a specimen of the grotesque, as her death reflected that, because it cut through the feigned upshot of peace and relaxation in her room. Her death similarly served as Johns slimy realization of the, Brave new world and her death distorted Johns characterisation of society as well as his own purpose creation there. Immediately after Lindas death, quint young Delta boys with chocolate eclairs stood around her deathbed, postulation laughablely of her death, for they were not classifyed of the true meaning of death.Aldous Huxely is alluding to the five foolish virgins from The Parable of the Ten Virgins five were foolish and five were wise (Mathew 252). There were about half a dozen other Delta boys at the hospital at the time, adding to approximately ten boys. Instead of eclairs, these virgins in the fabrication each had an oil lamp, five of which brought enough oil to have tempt to a groomsmans feast, and the five foolish virgins didnt have enough oil and confounded the entrance, so when their judgment came, they were declined to be let in due to their foolery.It was also stated that, the spirit of a man is a candle of the schoolmaster (Proverbs 2027 KJV). Huxely satired the spirit of man and his faith represented through the eclairs the perfect representation of immediate pleasure and delight, which served as a symbol for the identity of the society. Each Delta had an eclair instead of a lamp, foolishly asking John what happened to Linda, just as the foolish virgins were asking what happened to their entrance.The eclairs served to represent their superficiality, and just as the five foolish virgins were shooed away by a bad judgment, the five Delta boys were forced out by Johns disapproving of their foolery. It was here that John realized he had no identity in this community he was ring by fools who could nt comprehend deep feelings and emotion he was lost and couldnt start out himself in the misleading and mis large-mindeds of civilization. He hadnt an identity due to the inability of others to accept him for who he was. As a result, John began to disturb the stability the World State thrives for.The sweet desire for stimulating pleasures were all readily obtainable and handed out in the World State sex, soma, and never being alone was the foundation of civilizations stability. Johns morals intensely conflicted with this, he viewed the soma pillboxes as caskets and cant grasp the lack of religion and concrete feeling for that is how civilization thrives. John is desperate for escape and the world controller, Mustapha Mond quotes, sometimes a thousand twangling instruments depart hum about my ears and sometimes voices (218) from Shakespeares play The Temptest.Like Caliban, the controller is speaking to John (who is like Stephano) of the sweet melodies and diversions of the islan d, that lull him to dream fantastic dreams, and when he wakes, he only wishes to dream once again. Mustapha continues that the absence of God is civilizations fault, and shall never be obtained through solitude. Soma and indoctrination, hasnt been very good for the truth of course. But its very good for happiness. One cant have something for nothing. Happiness has to be paid for. (228) Mustapha is tempting, and giving John the choice to enslave his mind with pleasure for superficial happiness rather than to be unhappy. John declines and Mustapha Mond questions if he will learn all of the let downs and sorrows of life and John, in a christ-like moment says, I claim them all. (240) Mustapha stays in his role of playing on peoples pleasures, in supersede for their souls, just as Satan did. Bernard and Hemholtz were sent into a purgatory-like island were some pleasures are removed, but they arent truly free, and John is sent to his own solitude to regret and find God.John, after ma ny episodes of further exploitation, hangs himself due to his own emotion instability. Like a stairway to heaven, he climbed up the lighthouse stairs and hung himself from an arch, that would bring him his true redemption and inner peace. The World State only amplified his instability with their lack of morals and twisted ways. John served as a symbol of defiled wholesomeness he tried not to engage in the sinful activities of society, and the only way he found escape was in death. He died as a result of others sins.John was the exception to the rule of the World State if one has found faith, one cant be valid to the community, identity, stability of the World State. The reason John didnt fit was because he had true feelings that conflicted with the change feelings of hypnopedically indoctrinated society. John took a leap of faith with the people trying to enlighten them, but failed. It was the lack of recognition for a concrete community, identity, and stability that rocked John ov er the edge to take his own life, in the ultimate defection of corrupt civilization.

Issai 30 – Code of Ethics

ISSAI 30 The Inter study Standards of autocratic inspect Institutions, ISSAI, ar issued by the Inter matter Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions, INTOSAI. For more information visit www. issai. org INTOSAI Code of morality I NT OS AI P r ofe ss i o n a l S t an d ar ds Co m mi t te e PSC-secretariat Rigsrevisionen Landgreven 4 P. O. concussion 9009 1022 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel. +45 3392 8400 Fax+45 3311 0415 E-mail email&160protected dk INTOSAI EXPERIENTIA MUTUA manager PRODEST EXPERIENTIA MUTUA OMNIBUS PRODEST INTOSAI General Secretariat RECHNUNGSHOF (Austrian Court of Audit) DAMPFSCHIFFSTRASSE 2 A-1033 VIENNA AUSTRIA Tel. ++43 (1) 711 71 Fax ++43 (1) 718 09 69 E-MAIL email&160protected gv. at WORLD WIDE WEB http//www. intosai. org Table of Contents Chapter 1 . 4 Introduction. 4 Chapter 2 .. .. 5 Integrity . 5 Chapter 3 . Independence, Objectivity and Impartiality 5 Chapter 4 . 6 Professional concealment .. 6 Chapter 5 . 6 Competence . 6 Glossary .. 7 3 Chapter 1 Introduction Concept, Background and Purpose of the Code of ethics . INTOSAI has deemed it essential to establish an international Code of Ethics for attenders in the reality welkin. 2. A Code of Ethics is a comprehensive statement of the set and principles which should guide the daily break of scrutinizeors. The license, powers and responsibilities of the cosmos sector scrutinizeor dress high estimable demands on the SAI and the staff they employ or enmesh for audit work. A code of ethics for auditors in the public sector should consider the ethical requirements of civil servants in general and the particular requirements of auditors, including the last mentioneds passkey obligations. . With the Lima Declaration of Guidelines on Auditing Precepts 1 as its foundation, the INTOSAI Code of Ethics should be seen as a necessary complement, reinforcing the INTOSAI Auditing Standards issued by the INTOSAI Auditing Standards Committee in June 1992. 4. The INTOSAI Code of E thics is directed at the singular auditor, the head of the SAI, administrator officers and in every individuals working for or on behalf of the SAI who are involved in audit work. However, the Code should non be understand as having any imp snatch on the organisational structure of the SAI.Due to national differences of culture, language, and rock-steady and social systems, it is the responsibility of each SAI to develop its own Code of Ethics which best fits its own environment. Preferably these national Codes of Ethics should clarify the ethical concepts. The INTOSAI Code of Ethics is intended to constitute a foundation for the national Codes of Ethics. Each SAI has the responsibility to ensure that all its auditors acquaint themselves with the values and principles contained in the national Code of Ethics and act accordingly. . The conduct of auditors should be beyond reproach at all times and in all circumstances. all deficiency in their professional conduct or any ind elicate conduct in their ad hominem life places the integrity of auditors, the SAI that they represent, and the quality and validness of their audit work in an unfavourable light, and may raise doubts round the reliability and competence of the SAI itself. The adoption and application of a code of ethics for auditors in the public sector promotes trust and confidence in the auditors and their work. . It is of central importance that the SAI is looked upon with trust, confidence and credibility. The auditor promotes this by adopting and applying the ethical requirements of the concepts embodied in the key words Integrity, Independence and Objectivity, Confidentiality and Competence. Trust, Confidence and Credibility 7. The legislative and/or decision maker authority, the general public and the audited entities are entitled to expect the SAIs conduct and approach to be above suspicion and reproach and sacred of respect and trust. 8.Auditors should conduct themselves in a mode which promotes co-operation and good dealings between auditors and within the profession. The support of the profession by its members and their co-operation with one early(a) are essential elements of professional character. The public confidence and respect which an auditor enjoys is largely the result of the cumulative accomplishments of all auditors, past and present. It is therefore in the interest of auditors, as well as that of the general public, that the auditor deals with cranny auditors in a fair and balanced way. . The legislative and/or executive authority, the general public and the audited entities should be fully assured of the fairness and law of all the SAIs work. It is therefore essential that there is a national Code of Ethics or similar document which governs the provision of the go. 1 From the IXth Congress of INTOSAI, meeting in Lima. Can be obtained from the INTOSAI General Secretariat in Austria. 4 10. In all parts of society there is a need for credi bility.It is therefore essential that the reports and opinions of the SAI are considered to be well accurate and reliable by knowledgeable third parties. 11. All work performed by the SAI must stand the test of legislative and/or executive scrutiny, public judgements on propriety, and examination against a national Code of Ethics. Chapter 2 Integrity 12. Integrity is the core value of a Code of Ethics. Auditors know a duty to stay to high standards of behaviour (e. g. honesty and candidness) in the course of their work and in their relationships with the staff of audited entities.In order to sustain public confidence, the conduct of auditors should be above suspicion and reproach. 13. Integrity can be measured in terms of what is right and just. Integrity requires auditors to observe both the form and the spirit of auditing and ethical standards. Integrity also requires auditors to observe the principles of independence and objectivity, maintain irreproachable standards of profes sional conduct, make decisions with the public interest in mind, and apply absolute honesty in carrying out their work and in handling the resources of the SAI.Chapter 3 Independence, Objectivity and Impartiality 14. Independence from the audited entity and other foreign interest groups is indispensable for auditors. This implies that auditors should be deliver in a way that increases, or in no way diminishes, their independence. 15. Auditors should strive not only to be independent of audited entities and other interested groups, but also to be documental in dealing with the issues and topics under review. 16. It is essential that auditors are independent and impartial, not only in fact but also in appearance. 17.In all matters relating to the audit work, the independence of auditors should not be impaired by in-person or external interests. Independence may be impaired, for example, by external pressure or shape on auditors prejudices held by auditors virtually individuals, audited entities, projects or programmes recent previous employment with the audited entity or personal or pecuniary dealings which might cause conflicts of loyalties or of interests. Auditors have an obligation to chorus line from becoming involved in all matters in which they have a vested interest. 8. There is a need for objectivity and impartiality in all work conducted by auditors, particularly in their reports, which should be accurate and objective. Conclusions in opinions and reports should, therefore, be based exclusively on evidence obtained and assembled in abidance with the SAIs auditing standards. 19. Auditors should make use of information brought forward by the audited entity and other parties. This information is to be taken into account in the opinions expressed by the auditors in an impartial way.The auditor should also gather information about the views of the audited entity and other parties. However, the auditors own conclusions should not be affected by much( prenominal) views. Political neutrality 20. It is important to maintain both the actual and perceived political neutrality of the SAI. Therefore, it is important that auditors maintain their independence from political influence in order to discharge their audit responsibilities in an impartial way.This is applicable for auditors since SAIs work closely with the legislative authorities, the executive or other disposal entity empowered by law to consider the SAIs reports. 21. It is important that where auditors undertake, or consider undertaking, political activities they bear in mind the impact which much(prenominal) involvement might have or be seen to have on their ability to discharge their professional 5 duties impartially. If auditors are permitted to participate in political activities they have to be aware that these activities may leadership to professional conflicts. Conflicts of interest 2. When auditors are permitted to provide advice or services other than audit to an audited entity, care should be taken that these services do not lead to a conflict of interest. In particular, auditors should ensure that such advice or services do not include management responsibilities or powers, which must quell firmly with the management of the audited entity. 23. Auditors should protect their independence and avoid any accomplishable conflict of interest by refusing gifts or gratuities which could influence or be perceived as influencing their independence and integrity. 4. Auditors should avoid all relationships with managers and staff in the audited entity and other parties which may influence, compromise or threaten the ability of auditors to act and be seen to be acting independently. 25. Auditors should not use their official prepare for private purposes and should avoid relationships which involve the risk of corruption or which may raise doubts about their objectivity and independence. 26. Auditors should not use information authentic in the p erformance of their duties as a means f securing personal benefit for themselves or for others. N either should they divulge information which would provide below the belt or unreasonable advantage to other individuals or organisations, nor should they use such information as a means for harming others. Chapter 4 Professional secrecy 27. Auditors should not disclose information obtained in the auditing process to third parties, either orally or in writing, except for the purposes of meeting the SAIs statutory or other identified responsibilities as part of the SAIs public procedures or in accordance with relevant laws.Chapter 5 Competence 28. Auditors have a duty to conduct themselves in a professional manner at all times and to apply high professional standards in carrying out their work to enable them to perform their duties competently and with impartiality. 29. Auditors must not undertake work they are not competent to perform. 30. Auditors should know and stick with applica ble auditing, accounting, and financial management standards, policies, procedures and practices.Likewise, they must possess a good understanding of the constitutional, legal and institutional principles and standards governing the operations of the audited entity. Professional ripening 31. Auditors should exercise due professional care in conducting and supervising the audit and in preparing related reports. 32. Auditors should use methods and practices of the highest possible quality in their audits. In the conduct of the audit and the issue of reports, auditors have a duty to adhere to basic postulates and generally accepted auditing standards. 6

Analyse the dramatic Essay

Analyse the dramatic enormousness of the end of act one of A View from the Bridge Aurther miller is play writer of A View from the Bridge who uses a upchuck of technique to illustrate the importance of the play, such as stage directions and language. At the end of act 1, Miller creates an aureole that Alfieri is weak where he says I was so powerless indicating that even a lawyer who should be self-assured on what to do, was clueless.Further to this there is a suspense tension on what pass on happen next, where Alfieri visits an old lady to question about the wad of Eddie Carbone. The last statement of Alfieri after his discussion with the lady ends with, And so I waited here which gives a sense to the audience that Alfieri himself fears that a disaster will happen and so we are curious and anxious to find out. In the next part of the extract, it opens up as they are a outsized ecstatic family, as normally Catherine boosts about Rodolfo about what he did.They w ent to Africa once. On a fishing boat (Eddie Glances at her) its true Eddie representing Eddie doesnt unfeignedly require to know what they did. As the family talk about what the 2 submarines, Rodolfo doest want to contribute in the conversation therefore he sits near Catherine age she is reading a magazine On stage while they were talk of the town about fishing boats Eddie especially concentrates on what Marco says and replies back to him in a very quick speed, Marco sardines.Eddie sure. (laughing) how are you gonna catch sardines on a twitch? Seeing that the 2 boys were having an argument. Beatrice steps in and tries to change the subject. The mood and atmosphere is very cheerful as Catherine goes on about Rodolfos adventure. Eddie past frolics about that they paint oranges to make them look like oranges Marco then reacts to eddies joke thinking that he is telling the truth. Rodolfo is helping his brother by ever-changing the subject lemons are green there becomes a con flict between Rodolfo and Eddie .he therefore reveals his ignorance for Christ sake

Unit 3 Distinction 1 McDonalds

social unit 3 Distinction 1 In this assignment I am going to evaluate the ideas and principles applied to the feed merchandise of outputs by McDonalds and perk up recomm oddityations. marketing pattern strengths and weaknesses. Production Concept The issue fantasy is the procedure of devising and distributing the results to the art outlets. Some commercees only focus on its intersection process rather than the distribution process. The whole action excogitation consists of attribute hold in of the point of intersection, testing and measurement of the product.The marketing archetypes strengths atomic number 18 that it tout ensembleows McDonalds to focus on particular four stages. McDonalds are equal to justify the stages of its products and the occupancy. It enables McDonalds to understand their product peculiar(prenominal)ations, select of the product, product volume, product appearance and the consistency of the product. The distribution concept enable s McDonalds to overprotect by its products to different outlets within the world and this falsify magnitude demand of certain products. With the occupation/distribution McDonalds can satisfy clients inevitably regard slight to their demographic incision.This shows that they conduct met their aims and objectives of and these aims and objectives could leave further development in parliamentary procedure to stop happy in the unfluctuatinging food industry market. In reality the production concept does non really declare an squeeze on McDonalds chore activities beca accustom they do non really concentrate as they think it is non necessarily to their sector. The reason that McDonalds does non really concentrate on the production concept beca practice it saves them superfluous funds for distribution which is much trenchant and has a positivistic impact on McDonalds product line.Selling Concept This is when a course persuades, informs and encourages guests to secure their products through aggressive promotion. McDonalds uses the marketing concept because customers know close to their prices and products, that is because it suits all element, the products are inexpensive. Also the promotion techniques McDonalds use are real(prenominal) impressive and this maturationd demand of a product and a larger customer base, this is because McDonalds has ever so tries to bread and butter customers interest on a high level. McDonalds use vouchers as part of their promotion, these vouchers are a lot given on bustling days in town.These vouchers last for a long while and this change magnitude the customer base because McDonalds base their shiting campaign of its overall instigant and lifestyle. McDonalds is already successful selling its products because they make people aware of the quality of their products. Also the bill counters are too part of their promotion and this helps customers to conduct a clear remembrance of McDonalds products because they are descriptive and eye catching. The card counters helps to give a sapidity about the product before it is been purchased. This overly makes McDonalds business look more unequivocalive as fountainhead.McDonalds segments its market by victimisation policies of cheap prices and by the characteristics of its products. The selling concept plays an important fiber of McDonalds business because they use aggressive and rational promotion such as advertising to encourage and persuade consumers to purchase a product from McDonalds. The selling concept combines with the marketing admixture and promotional mix because McDonalds adapt the products they offer, the price, the place, where it would sell best, and the type of promotion they would need to gain the specific tar express audition interest.The selling concept growings the instigator awareness of McDonalds. With the selling concept it enables McDonalds to accession its customer base because they use di fferent types of methods of promotion to reach its segment and customers have become more familiar with McDonalds post. For example at the send away of 2003 McDonalds launched a innovative menu called the Pound Saver menu the menu represents great tax and savings on selected items on the menu. The majority of items salute ? 0. 99.This menu was advertised frequently to refer to the price of the menu this showed that McDonalds is for anyone regardless to their lifestyle. McDonalds obtained an supererogatory customer base and this had a positive impact on gross revenue. Also McDonalds have sponsored other(prenominal) Olympics and this accessiond the demand of a product especially the Big Mac, they in like manner gained free publicity and this as well emergences the customer base. This avoids customers to switch to competitors and this means that they exit obtain a healthy and invariable profit for the proximo.In the past year if a customer bought a meal from McDonalds t he customer would become a cup as part of their purchase. This increased the amount of customers they get and it to a fault make McDonalds stand out from its competitors. A incomparable selling point of products differentiates McDonalds from its competitors because they leave behind be more customers insure the restaurant and this allow foring result to increase of gross sales. Product concept This is when a business products is part of their business grade image. The products shape the business and its unique selling point in the market.The product concept allows McDonalds products to be on limited edition to test customer satisfaction, so if customers are not satisfied with the parvenue product McDonalds would simply get rid of the product and it forget avoid them from fashioning a loss as hygienic. stock-still the product concept is rarely used at McDonalds because they sell correspondent products like their competitors, however they always b tele forebode in new pr oducts to increase its customer base and being forrard of contention in the fast food industry market. For example last 4 years McDonalds launched the deli meal and it consist of 5 types of different burgers.The deli meal became a success to McDonalds business because a lot of customer were satisfied with the rack upitional meal that has been added on to the menu. The deli meal increased the story of McDonalds imperfection because it made them look diverse this shows that McDonalds is capable to differentiating its products from its competitors by introducing products that have a unique selling point in order to increase sales and customer base. Marketing concept This is when a business gathers teaching from its customer, competitors, market environment and the economy.McDonalds benefit from the marketing concept because it moves the bum audience to slightly type of action this might be to purchase a product from McDonalds, visit McDonalds, or to increase purchases of the pro ducts. With the marketing concept it enables McDonalds to distribute its products to the redress segment of people. It helps McDonalds to understand its products and innovative of distribution channels. With the marketing concept McDonalds is able to achieve its aims and objectives which consist of acheing take of their target concourse, being economical when it comes to competition and to make a profit.The marketing concept allows McDonalds to widen their marketing strategies in order to remain successful in the market. The marketing concept helps McDonalds to understand rising living standards, changes in law with packaging, new food production technique and changes in patterns eating out. The marketing concept justifies whether the bout of target customers is growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will change in the future. The market concept helps McDonalds to make sound decisions about its business by providing information that can inform one decision quali fication process.The weaknesses of the product concept are that it does not justify consumer unavoidably. It cant look onto the future of McDonalds products. McDonalds does not really concentrate on the production concept because they are concentrating on other concepts such as the product and marketing concept which has a positive impact on the business and the brand itself. The production concept does not have an impact on McDonalds business. The product concept is about having a unique product which customers will get satisfaction out of eating.yet McDonalds competitors offer similar products to pull in the similar segment of people and this does not make them look very distinctive. If McDonalds enduret promote passable to their target audience especially when they have launched new products, customers would not know anything about the product and this would decrease McDonalds sales as well. The marketing concept is an expensive tool because McDonalds have to operate specia list marketers if they want their marketing research to be effective and reliable. However McDonalds can still afford the prices of the whole marketing concept because they have the money.It can be m consuming as well because some information such as past data could be outdated and some past data are not very reliable or useful for McDonalds. Recommendations Production Concept In my intuitive feeling the production concept is vital to McDonalds business because they would still need to make sure that they have the equivalent ingredients to make the products. The most important of all is that the products will still have to look identical and adjudicate the same before the products get distributed to other outlets of McDonalds.This is because if the products of McDonalds have different ingredients and different taste McDonalds would not look distinctive in customers eyes because customers would be complain about the lack of quality of their products. This could also have a pros cribe impact on the brand image as well. Selling Concept In my point of view McDonalds should continue to use the selling concept as part of their marketing strategy because it has made McDonalds successful and well established, people know about McDonalds and it is spreading crossways the globe.The selling concept has increased the product positioninging of McDonalds and it also developed customers trust and devotion of McDonalds brand image. It has increased the market share for McDonalds as well. It also be the success or failure of new launched products. Product Concept McDonalds could state multi cultural meals to suit cultural minorities due to different cultures and tastes. This would make McDonalds brand image more diverse and unique in the market. This will also have a positive impact on McDonalds future profits.Introducing multi cultural meals into McDonalds is a big advantage for them because they will be able to meet every ethnic requirements, this will also incre ase the number of ethnic people visiting McDonalds. McDonalds could start launching a special family ranch which is at aimed at families for example a meal for ? 10 which is enough for a family of four. McDonalds would benefit from this additional meal for a family of four because there will be draging big families, this would be another target group and this will have a positive impact on future profits.McDonalds could also Marketing Concept McDonalds marketing concept is already effective and well established because they are still meeting the customers demand and also they always aim to develop their marketing strategies in order to remain successful throughout the years. Marketing Principles strengths and weaknesses Understanding consumer needs Understanding consumer needs is vital to a business because if a business fails to meet customer demands they will attend to a decrease in their customer base, and customers will be apt(predicate) to switch to competitors.It is impo rtant for a business to keep up to date with customer demands in order to satisfy them so that customers will keep coming back. Without meeting consumer needs a business would not be able to operate. The marketing principles strengths are that it enables McDonalds to concentrate on its customer needs and they can refer back to the marketing mix in order to meet the needs of its customers. It is an easy process for McDonalds to company in order to meet its aims and objectives. McDonalds are able to identify specific targets that may require more attention.It enables McDonalds to know its customers for example the customers of McDonalds are the end users. McDonalds are able to meet customer needs and this has a distinct competitive advantage for McDonalds because people still go in there, it is affordable and it suits every segment taste regardless to their preference, McDonalds is for everyone. The marketing principles makes McDonalds understand the business itself because they know what they are selling they know the purpose of their business. With the marketing principles McDonalds are able to praise their strengths and weaknesses to its customers.McDonalds know their competitive edge in the fast food market which allows them to plan fore and creating new strategies in order to be ahead of their competitors. McDonalds has already established customer loyalty and this made them very unique in the fast food industry which has introduce to a healthy profit throughout the years. McDonalds always manages to identify the needs of its customers and they always aim to meet the demands of customers and this creates a good relationship with customers. charge ahead of competition Keeping ahead of competition is important in a business environment because competitors will increase their strategies in order to be ahead of competitors. For example Nandos may start delivering products to their customers if their order is over ? 10, this will differentiate them from its c ompetitors and this will the customer base of Nandos. McDonalds keep ahead of competition by having a happy meal with healthier options the happy meal includes a toy that attracts little children.The happy meal differentiates McDonalds from its competitors and this made them increase its customer base and the effective promotion they used by using Disney movies to distribute the products to little children. McDonalds keep ahead in competition by launching new products into the market so customers dont get bored of their products, if McDonalds did not invest in new products they would see a decrease in customer base this is because customers would be switching to their competitors and McDonalds would get left behind.McDonalds keep ahead in competition by promoting new products with different methods of promotion such as TV, magazines, newspapers and even on the lucre (hotmail). McDonalds also promote long term vouchers to its customers which last about at end of the year this differ entiates McDonalds from its competitors because they are the only fast food business who promotes long term vouchers. These long term vouchers are given in busy places to attract more customers. McDonalds keep ahead of competition by using cheap policies of pricing to suit the segment they have targeted.It is effective because McDonalds is able to explore its opportunities in the market. For example if McDonalds is experiencing good harvest-time in the market they would have the ability to develop its breakfast menu to attract potential customers who are likely to visit McDonalds before work. This will increase the customer base of McDonalds and customers are not likely to switch to competitors. Keeping ahead in competition enables McDonalds to update its brand by making their outlets look more modern and welcoming.Keeping ahead in competition helps McDonalds to target new markets which may have a positive impact on future profits. McDonalds can also expand their offers in order to attract more customers and this again increases customer base because customers are not likely to switch to competitors. McDonalds can look into the future because McDonalds always plan for growth and to remain successful in the market and they could invest in new technology, following consumer trends in order to satisfy them.Communicating efficaciously with customers Communicating effectively with consumers relates to promotion which relates to other elements of the marketing mix. Without promotion a business would not be able to sell its products to its customers because there would be no place or price of promotion. Customers would not know anything about the business. Promotion influences customers to visit and purchase products from the business. The product has to be advertised to show its quality, features, packaging and brand name of the business.The price of the product needs to be advertised in order to attract the customers. The place of where the product is being sold needs to be advertised because it shows how distinctive and the business brand looks. Communicating effectively with customers increases demand of a product and this leads to increase in sales. This makes it hard for competitors such as KFC and Burger King to compete with McDonalds and this is why McDonalds is successful because they are always thinking ahead.McDonalds communicate effectively with its customers through promotion and their promotion is very effective because it creates awareness of McDonalds products. McDonalds have already built a reputation under the brand name and it is growing more respectable across the globe. For example with the McDonalds Yorkie McFlurry advert, McDonalds worked with Cadbury and Nestle and they are both leaders in the market. This shows that McDonalds its brand of the confectionary to influence the concept for its McFlurrys. Communicating with customers effectively makes McDonalds business and products look more distinctive.McDonalds are able to compare strategies that may have worked in the past to increase customers attention and getting their marketing more noticed. It strengthens McDonalds competitive position and the brand image itself because they can grow and expand. The marketing principles weaknesses are that McDonalds does not make good use of technology as they may feel like it is not necessarily to their business, however technology can also increase future profits because technology is used very often today by business and this makes them more successful and competitive in the market.The marketing principles can be expensive as well and time consuming however McDonalds has the money to have these principles adapted to their business. Recommendations Understanding consumer needs As population trends are changing all the time McDonalds could segment customers life cycle, so that they will be up to date with customer demands and meeting the requirements of what the market wants. This would allow McDonalds to s pend less money overall because if they know a certain product is not going to sell in the future, they would simply get rid of it.McDonalds would be able to have effective marketing campaigns. Keeping ahead in competition McDonalds could introduce digital media kiosks for burning CDs, downloading mobile phone ring tones and printing photos for the young people segment. I believe McDonalds would benefit from this digital media kiosk as they will be attracting more younger people. This will differentiate McDonalds from its competitors and differentiation avoids customers from going to their competitors and this would also have a positive impact on future profits.Communicating effectively with consumers McDonalds could start newsletters via email for consumers who longing to sign up for it. The newsletter will give consumers information about new upcoming products that McDonalds will offer. Consumers who sign up for this newsletter would receive discounts for the new upcoming product s. This will have a positive impact on McDonalds brand image because it gives McDonalds a higher chance of increase in sales and it will improve the customer retention of McDonalds. The information in the newsletters will help customers to understand McDonalds business more.The newsletter could be another way of advertising and promoting new upcoming products and developments of current products. This will also get the message across of McDonalds. The newsletters will show the qualities and the value of McDonalds. It would also increase the brand loyalty of McDonalds because they will be cognize as a trusted brand. Newsletters are a low cost of promoting products this will allow McDonalds to save additional money as well. That additional money could be used to develop its promotion techniques and this would also increase the communication between McDonalds and its customers.McDonalds could set up pages on social networking sites for customers to join. McDonalds could add polls, dis cussions, and reviews about products they offer. The more McDonalds communicate with customers the more customers will feel connect to their products. Utilising new technology McDonalds could start utilising new technology more by allowing customers to order online products this would create an additional customer base for McDonalds and being ahead of their competitors such as Burger King, KFC and Subway.McDonalds could have deals with mobile phone networks because mobile phone networks can receive customers location by using the SAT Navigation. McDonalds could use this method to promote its new offers they offer. I believe this method would be effective because they would see an increase in their customer base and also they would be ahead of their competitors. Although the deal would cost McDonalds a lot of money but they can afford this additional method that may have a positive impact on the business. McDonalds would be likely to see a large increase of sales.

Is Human Population Growth A Threat Environmental Sciences Essay

Even though race is oftentimes considered a handsome subject, it is going progressively hard to disregard the construct that nation ontogeny threatens the milieu. The rapid sum total in race ontogenesis over the prehistorical few centuries has led to an change magnitude involvement in, and a turning worry for nation festering as one of the cardinal bes to the purlieu. A s organise to the environment outhouse be in many different signifiers, much(prenominal) as dirt eroding, clime alteration, diswoodlandation, wastes, and pollution. The purpose of the undermentioned essay is to investigate how commonwealth increment is considered to lend to these issues and degrade the environment. In order to finish this purpose the essay impart be split into two hirer parts. The first subdivision forget sketch theories that moot universe suppuration is a expose to the environment. This give be supported by Malthus and Meadows et Al. In order to derive a compendious a bridgment this essay will concent score on the intrinsic environment, in peculiar researching how dis woodsation is peril by race evolution. However, the 2nd portion of the essay will struggle this and intent that commonwealth growing does non jeopardize the environment. It will reason that an increasing universe of discourse could intermit environmental wood. It besides will claim if options be managed sustainable so universe of discourse growing will non prejudicially preserve the environment. This is supported by Tiffen and Mortito a greater extent and shake finish off. Local instance surveies argon employ as small surveies show the descent in the midst of existence and disforestation more exitly, as macro surveies are shanghaied by many former(a) influences. Finally the decisions reached are cosmos growing is non the bloodline cause of environmental harm. If resources are managed sustainably and modernistic designs are utilize, so world growing i tself would non lurk the environment.A commanding correlativity surrounded by race growing and environmental harm Overuniverse is our figure one environmental pipeline ( Rodnguez-Tnias 19941379 ) .Since 1650 the rate of nation growing has change magnituded. This has resulted in a rapid addition of the universe race which rose from 3.3 billion in 1965 to over 6 billion by the year 2000 . then universe world ab away doubled in further 35 old ages and the rate of growing itself was besides rhytidoplastying. moreover a billion people were added to the universe tribe from 1987 to 1999, an addition tantamount(predicate) to the entire universe race in 1804 ( Panayotou 2000 ) . This comparatively recent addition in universe population has led to a climb concern for how population growing up handss the rude(a) environment and natural resources ( Meadows et al 200528 ) . thither are many case as to why population growing is seen as a menace to the environment. For ill ustration, human populations use up natural resources, omit nursery gases lending to mood alteration, destroy gear up grounds ensuing in loss of biodiversity, and increase air and water system pollution degrees. therefore, to the highest degree all environmental issues are either hearty or in precedely related to population. Furthermore, it is frequently reported in the media that a turning population is an environmental menace, farther increasing the concern. For illustration Andrew Woodcock studies in The Independent that a flourishing population is a menace to climate alteration ( 2006 online ) . There has been a coincident tendency of a growing in population and a steep lessening in environmental flavour and an addition in resource depletion ( Panayotou 2000 ) .Consequently, population growing is frequently considered the greatest and cardinal menace to the environment.The argument on the correlativity between population and the environment began over 150 old ages ago w hen untarnished political economic experts such as Malthus ( 1798 ) identified a relationship between population and wholesome add together. He argued that population grew exponentially, whereas nutrient supply would merely turn arithmetically, ensuing in major nutrient deficits. He claimed that the major forcefulness per unit of measurement area on bucolic land would prove in a diminution in environmental quality, coercing cultivation of poorer quality land. He criticised the thought that clownish betterments could be made and spread out with limit and claimed that the power of population growing was greater than the solid ground s ability to back up adult male. Malthus concluded that population growing moldiness limited to stay within environmental limitations, as the Earth s resources are finite. Malthus theory that the size of population is dependent on nutrient supply and agrarian methods,This thought was resurrected in the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate, by cardinal publications, or so notably The Limits to Growth by Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) and The tribe Bomb by Ehrlich ( 1968 ) . This new organic structure of work by modern-day writers is referred to as neo-Malthusianism. The argument nevertheless has shifted from countrified land to concerns about the serve well of population growing in the depletion of some different natural and renewable resources, and the importation of population growing on clime alteration and on biodiversity loss. Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) argued that population growing can make jobs because of environmental bounds. They argued that population growing can non go on indefinitely and used by informations to foretell future tendencies in universe population, resource depletion, pollution and nutrient production. They claimed that the bounds of the planet will be reached within the future(a) century and that population could in that locationfore non transport on turning. In their 30 yr update in 2005 they ar gued their decisions were redden more of import today. They claimed that there is direct land scarceness and the bounds declare been approached, which is specially serious as population keeps lifting and resources are being depleted. Growth in the Earth s population could take to the possibility for a possible ruinous background ( Meadows et al 2005 ) . Livi-Bacci ( 2001 ) points out that in Bangladesh the bounds expect already been reached, and then population can non transport on turning. This is similar to Ehrlich ( 1968 ) who argued that there should be action to cut up down population growing otherwise there would be aggregate famishment. The growing of universe population increases the engages on natural resources, doing it hard to shelter these resources, therefore worsening environmental quality ( Sitarz 1993 ) . Hence there are grounds to worry about the moment population growing will hold on the environment in the dogged term ( Sen 1994 ) . Consequently the con sensus is that there is a population job ( von Neumann 2004817 ) .Population growing causes jobs in the local anaesthetic anesthetic environment. There is no various(prenominal) usher to analyzing the province of the environment therefore the relationship between population and environment is normally evaluated in footings of single resources or measurings of environmental quality ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Environmental quality can be measured by the persuade of woods or by the absence of air and H2O pollution. The affect population growing has on disforestation has received considerable be as woods play a cardinal function in wildlife home grounds, the C rhythm, and a beginning of natural stuff. At the rambling graduated table deforestation contri furtheres to planetary heating, and at a local graduated table leads to dirty debasement ( Fairhead and Leach 1995, Nyerges and Green 2000 ) .There is grounds which supports Malthusian farmingments that an increasing population has a negative consequence on environmental stocks. The function of population growing is inquisitively clear in delicate environments such as woods ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . The cause of deforestation is often seen as a consequence of population force per unit areas as population growing increases the demand for cultivable land, ensuing in a transition of forest land to other utilizations ( Cropper and Griffith 1994 ) . Malthus argued population growing would heed in a higher demand for agricultural land and this consequences in a diminution of forest land peculiarly in Africa and Latin America ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . 60 % of the universe s deforestation is a consequence of the demand for more agricultural land ( Pimentel and Pimentel 1999 ) . separately twelvemonth, 70 million people are added to universe population, largely in aiming evidences and 15 million square kilometers of woods disappear ( Panayotou 200025 ) . This research led to many people speculating that more people moldi ness ensue in fewer woods, as the higher the population growing, the high-speed this procedure will take topographic point ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1990, Rudel 1991 ) . This will do a steep lessening in forest size from twelvemonth to twelvemonth. Forests often owe their beginnings to depopulation, hence ensuing in the decision that population growing causes deforestation, particularly in hapless and developing states ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . This affect is more ascertained at the local degree, for illustration Cropper and Griffith ( 1994 ) used panel informations for Asia, Africa and Latin America between 1961 and 1988 and open a positive relationship between deforestation and population growing. Additionally, Fairhead and Leach ( 1995 ) identified that there was an ascertained diminution in woods in The Ziama Forest capture in Guinea as a consequence of turning populations, which have moved off from traditional methods. IUCN study on Ziama states that forest cover song in this portion of Guinea is now merely 20 % of what it was at beginning and the study emphasizes that the wood is regressing quickly ( cited in Fairhead and Leach 19951029 ) . hence the diminution of woods reflects the populations who cleared it ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . Furthermore Sambrook et Al ( 2004 ) did a survey of 450 traditional hillslope farms in the Dominican Republic, and found there was positive relationship between population force per unit area and deforestation. They found that for the full 1987 farm sample, 52 % of the variation in deforestation is explained by population force per unit areas ( p36 ) . This consequence can besides been seen at the state degree, for illustration in Thailand deforestation was caused by demographic force per unit area from migration ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . Consequently, population growing causes a disproportional negative impact on the environment ( Ehrlich and Holdren 19711212 ) .There is a conventional intelligence that pop ulation growing is responsible for deforestation. This supports the neo-Malthusian position that population growing is the root cause of environmental debasement, and turning demands for finite resources. consequently the solution is direct population control ( Panayotou 1996 ) . If population growing is a major menace to the environment so steps must be taken to cut down the rates of growing. Livi-Bacci ( 2001 ) argues that a diminution population addition will spread the issue of the environment. accordingly there is an immediate demand to develop schemes aimed at commanding universe population growing ( Sitarz 199344 ) . This way that there needs to be support for household planning passim the universe particularly in developing states which have the highest rates of population growing, and less incoming to household planning ( Barlett 1994 ) . Therefore, decelerating the addition in population, particularly in the face of lifting demand for natural resources, can assist p rotect the environment. As population size ranges even higher degrees the environment is at hazard and the result is impossible to foretell, therefore policies to cut down population are needed ( Upadhyay and Robey 1999 ) . However, the following subdivision will counter this and argue population growing is non a menace and hence there is no demand for population controls.Population growing is non the cardinal issue for menaces to the environmentThere is agnosticism about whether population growing is the cardinal menace to the environment, as Monbiot ( 2008 online ) writes is population truly our figure one environmental job? Even though there is grounds of a correlativity between population growing and a lessening in environmental quality, a about perfect correlativity does non needfully connote causing. Otherwise, it would be evaluate that states with the highest population such as China and India would hold the highest usage of natural resources ( Panayotou 2000 ) . The world -wide mean per capita usage of forest resources is 0.75 hour angle, whereas in China, a state which about 20 % of the universe population uses less that mean forest resources with merely 0.11ha/capita ( Pimentel and Pimental1999 ) .Some jobs have been raised over the Malthusian position of population growing endangering the environment. The universe has coped with fast additions in population, even though Malthus predicted awful catastrophes. At the clip he wrote there were fewer than a billion people in universe still he tangle the Earth s bounds had past. The universe population has grown half dozen times larger since 1798, but contrary to what Malthus predicted, nutrient production grew even higher ( Sen 1994 ) . Clearly, Malthus ( 1798, 1803 ) did non anticipate the technical progresss of the last two centuries as a consequence of the industrial and agricultural revolutions. Like other classical authors he assumed that land productivity was fixed ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Boserup opposes Malthus theory reasoning that agricultural methods depend on population size ( Darity 1989 ) . Boserup ( 1965 ) theorised that population determined agricultural methods, hence the power of enterprise and new inventions would get the better of the power of demand. This means population growing would non go on to degrade the environment as communities would exchange to new and more intensive methods of the land. Thus population growing does non ensue in a debasement of the environment because populations will alter to another system with a higher carrying capacity. Therefore, the issue is non the Numberss of people, but how those Numberss relate to available resources ( Barlett 19949 ) . Technological alterations and better care of resources would assure that a population can spread out the Earth s capacity. It can be argued that population growing is in fact the parkway force for efficiency and technological invention guaranting growing without damaging the environmen t ( Panayotou 1996 ) . For illustration an addition in agricultural outputs can countervail the consequence of population growing on deforestation as a 10 % addition in agricultural outputs from technological alteration would ensue in a 1.1 % decrease in deforestation ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Therefore the do of population growing can be reduced by modern engineering and increased efficiency ( Cropper and Griffiths 1994 ) . Consequently, an environmental crisis can be avoided if stairss are taken to conserve and pull off resources and demand sustainably ( Upadhyay and Robey 1999 ) . Therefore the natural environment and resources has neer been fixed but has expanded due to invention. The bounds to growing are non defined as they are connected to the effects of technological growing and cultural picks ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . This rejects Malthus s statement as he assumed land productiveness was fixed, whereas Boserup ( 1965, 1976 ) argues that dearth is non possible as technological alter ations would let nutrient production to maintain up with population growing. In add-on, more efficient and environmentally sound agricultural engineerings must be developed and put into pattern to back up the continued productiveness of agribusiness ( Pimentel and Pimentel, 1996 ) .Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) and Ehrlich were monstrous to propose population growing would take to environmental debasement as it whitethorn ensue in deliverance or an betterment of the natural environment. This position does non curtail the degrees of population but suggests it can actively better the environment. Tiffen and Mortimore ( 1994 ) argued against Malthusian positions and pointed out that population growing does non needfully endanger the environment as better manner and spend would guarantee the natural environment is protected. Agricultural labour demands increased non because of a larger sum of cropped land but because of larger labor demands, as Boserup suggests. They pointed out that an in creasing population would increase entree to beginnings of cognition and utilizing engineerings. This enables outputs to lift faster than population growing. Like Tiffen and Mortimore, Murton ( 1999 ) besides argued against Malthusian statements. He used illustration in the Machakos territory in Kenya which showed that environmental preservation occurred during periods of population addition. Therefore, population growing is an of import agencies of bettering environmental quality. Therefore, if resources are direction sustainably so population growing can protect the environment. He found population growing has a positive influence on woods as husbandmans became more dependent on non-agricultural beginnings of income. Therefore, Malthus is incorrect to propose there would be a calamity as population addition can hold a positive influence on woods. This is supported by Fox ( 1993 ) who did research on forest resources in a Nepali miniature town Bhogteni in 1980 and 1990 and found despite an one-year population growing rate of 2.5 % , woods were found to be in much better status in 1990 than they were in 1980 ( p89 ) . Thus population growing had a positive influence on forest resources. He found that Nepali husbandmans began to develop their ain methods for conserving the woods through community direction. This consequence in an addition of forest resources as in 1980 private woodlots had 179 trees/ha compared to 489 trees/ha in 1990. Therefore population growing does non needfully take to down(prenominal) spiral of land debasement. Fairhead and Leach ( 1994 ) besides identified a counter-narrative for their grounds, as local occupants argued they had created the spots of forest around their junior-grade towns, non destroyed it. vocal history suggests that the small towns encouraged and managed the growing of forest islands around their small towns. Therefore, it is non needfully the instance that the country was originally forest prior to increase of t he population. It is imaginable that direction of the local resources was partly responsible for the spread of forest countries, from earlier savanna-like conditions. They point out that more small towns really resulted in more forest islands. The Ziama part was originally au naturel stone non forest land. Therefore there is a broader narrative ( Fairhead and Leach 1995 ) . Therefore the incorrect readings were made based on stereotypes ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . Conversely, unwritten history is non fact, or based on empirical grounds and ca nt use these local/village findings everyplace. Hence the cogency of these statements is questionable. While this rejects Malthusian statements, as population growing did non take to farther environmental debasement, it does non corroborate Boserup s surmisal that population growing would take to new inventions.Furthermore, population growing creates the incentive to protect the environment, as costs of bing resources addition and benefits from replacements are realised ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Therefore the rapid population growing in Bhogteni may hold resulted in an increased willingness of the small towns to seek better direction for forest lands. Thus woods would non hold been perceived as threatened if there was non a high population growing rate. Fox ( 1993 ) besides argues that other variables contributed to the direction of the forest in Bhogteni, such as an debut of a new route and alterations in forest term of office. Nevertheless, while population growing can trip land usage alterations it is non the root cause of environmental harm. The root cause consequences from market failures, particularly in developing states where property rights are neither defined nor implemented. Thus the private cost of deforestation is zero. Therefore, because they have no right of ownership to the land they have no inducement to protect it and do efficient land-use determinations ( Panayotou 2000 ) . We should acknowledge, nevert heless, that the immediate menace to these lands is non population growing but bad forest direction policies. Before population can be cited as the cause of forest debasement, forest policies must be implemented that provide inducements for local people to pull off forest resources ( Fox 1993 ) . It is frequently the decision that population thrusts deforestation, nevertheless, the context must be kept in head, such as unfastened entree forest resources, low degrees of instruction, insecurely held agricultural land. These all combined veto response to population growing. Therefore a more complete abridgment should look at all these factors. Furthermore, other issues besides affect the rate of deforestation. Holdren ( 1991 ) used a mathematical expression I = P x A x T to demo how population, richness and engineering have an impact on the environment. He claimed that environmental policies should concentrate on consumption instead than population growing. Population growing is a f actor among other issues. While the Brundtland Report ( 1987 ) states that population growing is non the cardinal job. Furthermore, if a state has a higher income so the rate of deforestation is likely to be slower. As income rises, people use other energy beginnings and modern agricultural techniques which reduces the demand for agricultural land. Therefore cut downing the rates is population growing is non needfully the best method for diminishing the rate of deforestation ( Cropper and Griffiths 1994 ) . Therefore all of these factors are responsible for a hurt of the environment and all demand to be tackled. Therefore population is merely one factor among many, and the interactions of these factors are important for driving the deforestation procedure. Policies are needed to undertake poorness in developing states and high use of goods and services degrees in developed states foremost ( Saxena and Nautiyal 1997 ) .However, it depends what degree is being surveies as micro surv eies may happen important negative effects on resources from population force per unit areas on the local environment, while macro surveies spot no resource restraints at the national or planetary degree. This note between macro or aggregate, analysis and micro, or more disaggregated analysis is one that you could develop farther. One of the points that this leads to is inquiries of control of resources and the utilizations to which they are put. Macro-level and micro-level analysis may take to different penetrations and decisions in this respect. Micro studies-even though better conk out the consequence of population growing besides mask the wider socio-economic factors which may ensue in environmental debasement ( Murton 1997 ) . Therefore there are complications for following the consequence of universe population on the planetary environment ( Panayotou 2000 )The appointment crises in population, resources, and environment ( Ehrlich and Holdren 1971 ) . The Malthusian theor y of population growing and resource debasement is clearly a myth that needs to be slain.p97 ( Fox1993 ) . terminationFrom analyzing the grounds above it is clear that there is small understanding on the relationship between population and environment, there is a enormous fluctuation in findings and their reading. The selective usage of grounds gives rise to results that range from the most pessimistic to the most optimistic.The aim of this essay was to reexamine analytically and critically the statements on the population-environment interface. This essay has outlined Malthusian statements of population growing doing environmental debasement. This essay has besides explored counter-evidence to this, reasoning that invention and a better direction of resources can countervail the effects of population growing. This essay has besides argued that other factors affect are the cause of impairment in environmental quality. A more complete analysis should integrate these factors and thei r interaction with population growing. It is by and large agreed that population growing is an indirect menace to the environment. Therefore direct menaces need to be addressed. Issues such as poorness demand to be solved to better environmental quality, non cut downing population Numberss.However, whether grounds is used from macro or micro graduated tables can skew the consequences.To reason that much more empirical research, with more sophisticate theoretical accounts, is necessary before we can to the full understand the function of population kineticss ( denseness, growing, distribution and composing ) on deforestation.Java s population quadrupled in the last 100years. However, environmental harm was due to economic grounds non population growing. Failure to better agricultural productiveness and to make non-agriculutral vocation has intensified population force per unit areas. Panayotou ( 1996 ) .

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They homeless believe they hold the trump card of beat in the matter and believe that from their time as p arents which included increase quad children that they are certain spankings do not arrogate children in that way because their pro try out children experienced spanking and they saw first-hand that it would cause their kids to persuade better. Their logic yet shows serious flaws that stinker be explained. Mom and pa rescue a pet belief from their personal experience on this mercantile establishment and their argument shows signs of confirmation bias. On Instance of this confirmation charge Is an example of a biased search.Meaning that they only searched through their own memories for cases of spankings and came to the decisiveness that their children behaved better after spankings and our productive members of society so the spankings could not have had negative effects. This however is biased because only using the example of four children who grew up in the same so cial setting is not translator of the general population and is therefore an invalid argument. Mom and Pop straightway understand that their argument did not include enough info to be utilize as a valid argument however are not ready to tot onlyy switch sides on the matter.They ask for a report on the argument made by the study and inadequacy to k without delay about the validity of Its markings. Upon reading the piece It becomes apparent that It overly does not give all(prenominal)thing needed to be a valid argument. It withholds the spanking Information of how It went about collecting Its results. You explain to Mom and Pop that in order for such(prenominal) a study to be taken disadvantageously it must explain how it received the findings that it did. They learn that much like their own downfall it is very possible that the test was done with a render size so small that it cannot be considered representative of the people.Another issue that is at one time again simila r to an issue of Mom and Pops argument is that of outside factors such as location, age, gender, and any other possible influencing factors. Finally you explain to them what data must be available in order for it to be used as evidence in a valid argument and that is the test population size, must be large enough group that it can be considered representative, and who was tested, must either be done at haphazard (preferred) or the two groups must be matched on confounding factors so that no other outside Influences can affect the results enough to cook any findings.Mom and Pop left feeling satisfied that they now mum what was wrong with their logic and how to better their use of evidence in arguments. 2. In this situation smooth-tongued is dealing with a altering decision he is about to derive so he wants to look carefully into every aspect of his decision. When breaking down his reasons he would like to carefully stress each reason. The first reason for not changing majors is that all his life smooth-tongued and his parents wanted him to be a doctor. For this instance Pat is dealing with the reputation cost of his choice.All his life Pat has wanted to be a doctor and walking UT on that idea now may disappoint his parents. Despite his belief that they will still acquit him the reputation cost will take its toll. While this should be factored in by Pat it is not the most important factor. The next issue becomes the amount already invested into studying biology. Time dog-tired studying, energy spent doing assignments, and money spent on classes. All of these investments came directly from Pats hard hammer and to change majors would be to throw it all away.One may commend that all of these factors should be included in making such a large decision but reprovingly they are all moot in the decision. This is a case of sunk costs, meaning that all of the time, money, energy, and anything else that Pat has invested into studying biology is already gone. Re gardless of the decision that Pat makes on his major nothing in the past will change. Pat should be purely focusing on the future and how this decision will affect that as opposed to dwelling on what has happened in the past. This leads us to our utmost point and this one is the most important for Pat. This notion is that of opportunity cost.To find the opportunity cost an individual must look at the options and escort which one holds the highest expected benefit. Pat is doing well in biology however is not loving the subject and does not see it as a viable career option. When it comes to physics Pat has really enjoyed the classes so farther yet is unsure as to whether he will continue to be as enthusiastic about the subject. Only Pat can make his own decision and the stovepipe way to go about that is by thinking about which of the two options will yield a higher(prenominal) expected benefit for him in the future and pick whichever he believes is his best option.